Abstract: China’s Sixth Population Census suggests that in the first ten years of the 21st century,population profile clearly exhibits different characteristics from the past.On the one hand,the growth of population size has been effectively curbed,and fertility has become even lower.Meanwhile,population age structure has been changed greatly: the proportion of those under age 15 in the total population has dropped fast,while the pace of population aging has been faster than expected.Moreover,the problem of sex ratio at birth has become even more severe,and population distribution has largely reshaped.Migration has been an important driving force of these changes.On the other hand,it is clear that China’s population profile has become more complicated than earlier years,and population size,quality,structure and distribution are interrelated,intertwined and interdependent.These present challenges to the government in terms of how to reformulate public policies to solve population-related issues currently and in the future.This forum invites Xuejun Yu from National Population and Family Planning Commission of P.R.China,Xin Yuan from Nankai University,and Rongqing Huang from the Institute of Population Studies,Capital University of Economics and Business,to discuss aforementioned important issues from various perspectives utilizing the latest population census data.They examine the trajectory of population change with a particular focus on population size,structure,and distribution,as well as future population policy.

摘要： 众所周知，与建国后历次人口普查相比，2010 年第六次全国人口普查受到了国内外各方面超乎寻常的高度关注和重视，究其原因不外乎如下几个方面: 其一，中国是世界，尤其是发展中国家的第一人口大国，全球关注改革开放30 多年来在经济总量已成为世界第二大经济实体后的中国; 同样也关注地球在即将进入70 亿人口的关口前，经过数十年人口控制大国的人口现状及未来走势。其二，长期以来，国人一直将人口视作国情国力的一个重要组成部分，在我国快速工业化、信息化、城镇化、市场化的进程中，21 世纪第一个十年后中国人口轨迹发生了哪些重大变化? 人口基本国情有些什么新的特点? 其三，人口普查数据已成为制定我国经济发展规划的重要基础数据。毋庸置疑，今年是“十二五”规划的开局之年，这次普查得到的人口规模、人口性别年龄构成、人口地区分布以及民族、就业、教育、迁移流动、婚姻生育、城镇化、居住环境等方面的翔实数据，将为有效实施“十二五”规划提供权威和重要基础依据。其四，新时期人口普查赋予一种新的使命，即人口普查数据还关乎公共政策调整与完善以及构建以人口管理为主的社会管理和公共服务体系。因为，人口普查相关数据资料不仅对于适时有序完善生育政策有重要意义，同时还对于加强义务教育、基本医疗、基本住房等公共服务，进一步完善户籍、社会保障、就业、民政等社会事业的改革发挥十分重要的作用。

关键词: 人口老龄化, 老年人口规模, 经济社会发展, 流动人口, 人口数量, 人口增长高峰, 人口流动, 全国人口普查, 人口发展, 人口转变