Abstract:  At the start of 2016，CPC Central Committee and State Council issued a decision on imple- menting a comprehensive two-child policy，reforming and improving the management of family plan-
ning services．This paper reviews theoretical and practical perspectives of the decision and discusses the what and the why of the two-child policy．In carrying out and implementing the decision，the major tasks involve organizing and implementing the two-child policy in accordance with the law，reforming maternity services management system，strengthening maternal and child health and family planning services，improving family planning rewards support system，strengthening organizational leadership， strengthening grass-roots work，and improving childbearing security．Family planning policy is a long- term basic national policy in China; however，China’ s future family planning work needs to be reorient- ed to achieving demographically an appropriate scale，high-quality，structure optimization，and rational distribution，and to forming a multi-governing structure of the government，society and the citizens．

Keywords: Comprehensive Two-Child Policy, Population and Family Planning, Basic National Policy, Family Planning Management

摘要： 2016年初,中共中央和国务院最新公布了《关于实施全面两孩政策改革完善计划生育服务管理的决定》。文章论述了实施全面两孩政策出台的背景、意义、内涵、决策过程及出台的时机,提出贯彻落实《决定》精神需要做好的几个方面工作,包括依法组织实施全面两孩政策、改革生育服务管理制度、加强妇幼健康计划生育服务、做好政策衔接和计划生育特殊家庭的帮扶、加强组织领导和保障措施、夯实基层基础、加强生育保障。我国的人口国情决定了计划生育基本国策必须长期坚持,今后的人口计生工作应该转向调控总量、提升素质、优化结构、合理分布、注重服务家庭,政府、社会和公民多元共治。

关键词: 全面两孩政策, 人口和计划生育, 基本国策, 计划生育管理