Abstract: Using 1993 － 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey data，we test the motherhood penalty hypothesis with fixed-effects models. We find that fertility has a significant negative influence on women's wage and that each additional child lowers hourly wages by about 7 percent. In addition，the negative effect becomes larger as the number of children increases. The hypothesis holds true even if the women's human capital，job characteristics and family constraints are taken into account. We further explore whether the motherhood penalty varies by social group. The results show that the negative effect of having children is especially pronounced among women with high levels of education，women holding professional and managerial jobs，and women working in the state sector. The study shows that family factors play an important role in contributing to gender disparities in earnings and perhaps other labor market outcomes in contemporary China.

Keywords: Children, Women's Wage Rate, Fixed-effects Model, Group Differences

摘要： 文章根据中国健康与营养调查追踪数据，利用固定效应模型，分析生育对我国女性工资率的影响。研究发现，生育对我国女性工资率有着显著地负面影响。每生育一个子女会造成女性工资率下降约7%，且这一负面影响随着生育子女数量的增加而变大。除此之外，女性的人力资本、工作特征和家庭因素均不能够很好地解释这一生育带来的负效应。同时，文章还进一步探讨“生育代价”在不同的女性群体间的差别。结果表明，生育对工资率的负面影响在高教育程度、从事管理与职业技术工作和在国有部门工作这三类女性群体中更为显著。由此可见，分析生育对女性工资率的影响及其在不同女性群体间的差异可以帮助我们对我国性别不平等和女性在劳动力市场的表现有着更深入的理解。

关键词: 生育, 女性工资率, 固定效应模型, 群体差异