China officially implemented the selective two-child policy and the universal two-child policy in 2013 and 2016, respectively. Fertility policy relaxation has far-reaching impacts on women in urban China. In the labor market, income is an essential indicator of labor market performance and employment quality, and women are paid for their labor through employment. With the staggered difference-in-difference (DID) model, the impact of fertility policy relaxation on the average monthly and hourly earnings of urban women in China is assessed using data from 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018 China Family Panel Studies. We find that the twochild policy leads to a significant decrease of 12.36% in women's average monthly income and 11.37% reduction in average hourly earnings; the negative influence on income of women below 25 or those with no children is most pronounced, which suggests that the relaxation of fertility policy has exacerbated gender discrimination in the labor market, especially statistical discrimination.

Drawing upon the CHNS data and using unconditional quantile regression and dynamic decomposition methodology，the paper examines the income differentials and over-time changes between urban residents and rural migrants in Chinese cities from 1989 to 2009. Results show that the income gap has considerably widened during the past twenty years. While the widening income gap in the 1990s was mostly attributable to changes in wage structures effect ( discrimination) ，the major determinant of the rising income gap after 2000 is changes in labor market segmentation. Thus，policies addressing labor market segmentation and discrimination and improving educational level of the migrant workers are of fundamental importance to reducing the income gap.