This study  analyzes the trends and current  characteristics of floating population  in  China  and the major  challenges they  are facing ，on the basis of  the  latest  population  census  data． The  research  shows that the  size of floating population has increased continuously  and rapidly ，their mobility  intensity  is weakening ，migration  destinations  are  beginning  to  decentralize ，majority  of  the  migrants  are  moving  with  their spouses and more and more of  them are taking their young children with them ，the new － generation floaters whom were born  after  1980  account for  more than half  of  the  entire floating population． The floaters are fa- cing challenges such as unemployment ，lack of social security ，inequality in children ’s education ，and bar-
riers in  social  integration． This article proposes corresponding  suggestions． The problem of  new － generation floaters and floating children  should be addressed adequately ，and there  is an  urgent  need to  accelerate the establishment  of  social  security for migrants． 

China’s urban population exceeded rural population for the first time in Chinese history,reaching 51.27% in 2011.However,the level of urbanization has been exaggerated.If deducting the landless peasants under forced urbanization and migrant workers being not treated equally in the cities,China′s actual urbanization level stood at 41.6%.There are challenges ahead.For example,an urban social value system has not established in our society;we don′t have a clear understanding of the role of cities and how to develop a city;urban management has not prepared well for urbanization development;and there is a long way to go in achieving equal treatment for all of the Urban residents.To cope with the challenges of urbanization,we need to improve the quality of urbanization,correctly understand the role of urbanization and its substance,follow the law of the urban development,and to explore building of an urban culture system.