Abstract: As expected，the universal two-child policy has brought about a surge in births in China， which is largely consistent with previous projections．While the number of women at childbearing age decreases，there is still a significant increase in births．To ensure the implementation of the universal two-child policy，a reform on the management of family planning service has been launched and a portfolio of systematic complementary policies has been gradually announced．For the long-term balanced population development in China，five essential topics need more attention from researchers． First，we should respect the laws of population development and keep the fertility rate at an appropriate level．Second，we should better understand the relationship between population and social development and implement social policies that facilitate a family-friendly environment．Third，we should further explore the interrelationship between population and economy．Fourth，we should investigate the relation- ship between migration and urbanization process，proposing innovative plans for population distribution．Finally，we should also be updated with the new trends of world population development，under- standing China's population development from a comparative perspective．China is now at a tipping point in the history of population development．The ground-breaking policies and reforms，such as the practice of family planning and reform-and-opening，provide great opportunities for all demographers to study and enrich population development theories．

Keywords: The Universal Two-Child Policy, Long-term Balanced Population Development, Population Administration

摘要： 全面两孩政策落地实施后，政策效果明显，出生人数符合预判。在育龄妇女减少的情况下，出生人数增幅明显。计划生育服务管理改革有序推进，鼓励按政策生育的制度体系和社会环境正在构建，相应的配套政策措施陆续推出。为促进人口长期均衡发展，当前5 个领域的重大问题急需 关注和研究:一是把握人口自身发展规律，保持适度生育水平; 二是厘清人口与社会发展关系，构建家庭友好的社会政策环境; 三是科学研判人口与经济互动关系; 四是探索流动人口和城镇化问题，提供 促进人口合理分布的创新方案; 五是把握世界人口发展趋势，将中国人口发展纳入全球视野观测和分析。中国处于人口发展的历史转折期，计划生育、改革开放等取得丰硕成果的开创性实践，为中国人口理论研究提供了丰富的素材，也为人口研究取得前沿性突破提供了良好机遇。

关键词: 全面两孩政策, 人口长期均衡发展, 人口管理