Digital disability has become a critical issue in the governance of ageing societies. Research on digital disability is of great significance for revealing the digital divide among older adults and promoting their sharing of digital dividends. Drawing on theories such as physical disability and the digital divide, this study constructs a process model of digital disability based on a “situation-path” framework, along with a corresponding measurement index system. Using data from the 2020 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS), we empirically analyze the current situation and evolution mechanism of digital disability among older adults in China. The findings reveal two main aspects: On one hand, older adults in China generally exhibit a high level of digital disability, with strong heterogeneity within the disabled group. Specifically, cognitive impairment is the most prominent, digital creation ability is the most impaired, and social functional limitations are the most severe. On the other hand, digital disability follows a nonlinear three-stage evolutionary pathway, in which contextual factors (including subjective, objective, and environmental factors) exert either reinforcing or mitigating effects on the evolution process. Among these, subjective factors demonstrate the strongest moderating effect. In light of these findings, it is essential to strengthen contextual regulation and pathway-based interventions, implement targeted policies according to each developmental stage, and break the adverse coupling among subjective, objective, and environmental factors.

Fertility intention is the preponed variable affecting the actual fertility level，providing important information for predicting fertility level．A survey with a large sample size is conducted to investigate the fertility desires for wanting the second child of the couples under the selective and universal two-child policies in Shandong Province．The results show that the fertility desires and the ideal number of children in the two types of families are basically the same，and factors including subjective considerations，regional disparity，residential properties，education level，and the sex of the first child also have similar effects on the fertility desires of the two types of families．However，salient gaps exist in fertility planning，subjective considerations for not wanting to have the second child，and zodiac preference between the two types of families．Under a binary logistic regression model，sex of the first child，age， region，and subjective considerations show significant impact on fertility desires for wanting the second child in the two types of families．Furthermore，couples under the universal two-child policy primarily consider the risk of losing the only child as the intention for wanting the second one，while couples un- der the selective two-child policy care more about pension and psychological needs which are stated to be the main reasons of wanting the second child．

Fertility intention is the preponed variable affecting the actual fertility level，providing im- portant information for predicting fertility level．A survey with a large sample size is conducted to investi- gate the fertility desires for wanting the second child of the couples under the selective and universal two-child policies in Shandong Province．The results show that the fertility desires and the ideal number of children in the two types of families are basically the same，and factors including subjective consider- ations，regional disparity，residential properties，education level，and the sex of the first child also have similar effects on the fertility desires of the two types of families．However，salient gaps exist in fertility planning，subjective considerations for not wanting to have the second child，and zodiac preference between the two types of families．Under a binary logistic regression model，sex of the first child，age， region，and subjective considerations show significant impact on fertility desires for wanting the second child in the two types of families．Furthermore，couples under the universal two-child policy primarily consider the risk of losing the only child as the intention for wanting the second one，while couples un- der the selective two-child policy care more about pension and psychological needs which are stated to be the main reasons of wanting the second child．