This paper analyzes the impacts of adult children's out-migration on the rural elderly households’livelihood capitals by employing the data obtained from the survey of“Well-being of Elderly in Anhui Province，China”conducted by the Institute for Population and Development of Xi’an Jiao- tong University in 2015. It is found that there are significant differences in the amount and structure of livelihood capitals according to whether the elderly household has migrating children，but the degree of influence from children's out-migration is conditioned by the household composition. The migration of adult children widens the gap in the financial capital of the rural elderly living with their adult children， while it compensates the disadvantages of the physical，human，and social capital of the rural elderly not living with their adult children. However，there is no significant influence of the adult children's outmigration on the elderly household's natural capital which is the important resource of their livelihood.