Abstract:  In line with the change from the one-child policy to the two-child policy，the family planning reward and assistance policies must be adjusted accordingly．Adjustment of the reward and assistance policies should abide by the principles of scientific connection，fairness，state responsibility and social participation．A country-led social security mechanism needs to be created to eliminate the differences in reward and assistance policies between urban and rural areas，provinces and ethnic groups，reflecting the status of the state policy and the principle of fairness．The fundamental change is to alter rewarding one-child families into encouraging the compliance with the new family planning policy．The contents need to be revised are: first，conducting a " double-track system" to implement simultaneously the old and the new methods; second，taking total responsibility to solve the practical difficulties of one- child families and special families resulting from the one-child policy; third，adding a key point，that is to solve the practical difficulties of one-child families in which the only child is injured，sick or disabled．

Keywords:  Family Planning, Universal Two-child Policy, Reward and Assistance, Double-track System

摘要：  我国计划生育政策由"提倡一孩"向全面"提倡两孩"的调整,必然要求计划生育奖励扶助政策做出相应调整。计划生育奖励扶助政策调整,应当遵循科学衔接、公平公正、国家尽责、社会关注的原则,形成以国家为主导的社会保障机制,弱化乃至消除奖励扶助政策中的城乡差别、地区差别和民族差别,真正体现其国策地位和公平公正原则。计划生育奖励扶助政策的基本走向应当是由奖励"一孩家庭"转变为鼓励按政策生育。需要重点修订的内容,一是"双轨制",以新法实施为标志,实行"老人老办法,新人新办法";二是包到底,重点解决好历史形成的独生子女家庭和计划生育特殊家庭的实际困难;三是增重点,把解决伤病残独生子女家庭的实际困难放在重要位置。 

关键词: 计划生育, 全面两孩, 奖励扶助, 双轨制