Abstract: Data from the four population censuses since 1982 reveals the state and changes of China's urban household structure in different institutional environments. In the early stage of the reform and opening up when the planned economy system was dominant, household nuclearization tended to be prominent according to the 1982 and 1990 census data. Relaxation of the migration policy led to reduction of single-parent households, and the birth control policy promoted growth of couples households. Under the socialist market economy system after 1992, the types of household registration of urban population became diversified，and the welfare housing system began to transform into commercialized housing system. Based on the 2000 census, nuclear household continue to be of a high proportion，but the tendency of household nuclearization is restrained. After 2000, the birth control policy, elderly social security and housing reform have had profound impacts on urban household structure.

Keywords: Institutional Change, Household Structure, Contemporary Cities

摘要： 利用1982年以来的4次全国人口普查数据揭示当代不同制度环境中城市家庭户结构的状态和变动。改革开放初期，计划经济体制尚占主导，城市常住人口身份具有单一性。1982年和1990年的全国人口普查数据显示，这一时期城市家庭户核心化趋向突出，职工家属迁移限制放松使单亲核心家庭占比降低，生育控制政策则使夫妇核心家庭占比提高。1992年后社会主义市场经济制度下，城市发展加速，常住人口身份逐渐多样化，福利分房向住房商品化转变。2000年全国人口普查数据显示，城市家庭户中核心家庭占比总水平继续处于高位，但家庭核心化趋向受到抑制。2000年后，生育控制、社会养老保障、住房改革等制度对城市家庭户结构的深度影响开始显现，同时，城市人口身份多样性更为突出，城市家庭核心化水平虽然降低，但家庭小型化状态并未改变。

关键词: 制度变迁, 家庭户结构, 当代城市