Abstract: Using China Family Panel Study ( CFPS) data from 2010 to 2018 and an event-study framework, we explore the impacts of children on the dynamic trajectory of female labor force participation and hours worked. The results show that the arrival of the first child creates a sudden and substantial decrease in the employment and monthly hours worked. The impacts sustain until the child is 4 years old. Within 0 - 3 years after the birth of the first child the employment and the monthly hours worked decreased significantly. Nevertheless, after 4 years beyond the birth of the first child, there is no statistical difference in the employment and monthly hours worked compared with the pre-birth stage. Compared with women, there is no significant impact of children on the labor supply for men.Meanwhile, we provide evidence that the motherhood penalties on labor supply are following the law of diminishing marginal cost. We end with the heterogeneity analyses which show that the college-educated and younger cohorts experience smaller labor supply declines. This study helps understand the magnitude and dynamic trajectory of motherhood penalties in China and provides illumination for the family policy to help women balance family and work and families realize their fertility intention from a perspective of international comparison.

摘要： 利用 2010~2018 年中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),运用事件分析的方法,探究中国女性生育前后劳动供给状况的动态变化轨迹。 研究发现,女性的劳动参与率和工作时间都在其生育一孩当年明显下降,持续至孩子 4 岁才逐渐回升。 分阶段来看,生育一孩后 0~3 年女性劳动参与率和工作时间均显著下降;而生育一孩 4 年后和生育前无显著区别。 相比之下,生育对男性的劳动供给没有显著影响。同时,生育对女性劳动供给的影响随孩次边际递减。 受教育程度较高和较晚出生队列的女性劳动供给损失更小。 研究结论可以帮助理解中国女性面临的“母职惩罚”程度和动态变化趋势,并在国际比较的背景下为帮助女性平衡家庭与工作的关系以及家庭实现生育意愿的政策设计提供启示。

关键词: 母职惩罚, 生育机会成本, 女性劳动供给, 事件分析