Based on data from a specialized survey in China, this study examines the factors affecting fertility intentions among married couples without children. The factors mainly involve personal preferences, economic constraints, care burdens, and pregnancy preparation. “Being currently young and unwilling to have children” is the primary reason for being childless, though its impact fluctuates and gradually decreases with age. These young couples view delayed childbirth as a temporary choice, exhibiting clear compensatory fertility intentions in later reproductive stages rather than being lifelong childless. For those beyond the ideal childbearing age who remain childless, “high work pressure” becomes the dominant barrier. At lower economic level, improved economic conditions can effectively enhance individual fertility intentions. However, after income surpasses a certain threshold, non-economic interventions are required to activate latent fertility intentions. Consequently, targeted fertility promotion policies should be formulated to strengthen the guidance on the reproductive values among young married couples without children, enabling the translation of compensatory childbearing intentions among those who have delayed childbirth into actual reproductive behavior.

China's older adult education initially emerged from the Retired Cadres University. As it subsequently became integrated into both the cultural-educational framework of ageing-related initiatives and the lifelong education system, it experienced rapid development. However, structural imbalances and insufficient supply have persisted as challenges. Against the background of constructing a learning society and implementing the national strategy to actively respond to population ageing, the learning demands of older adults continue to escalate. How to advance an older adult education system to meet the growing learning needs and adapt to the ageing society is an urgent question. Learning in later life constitutes both a fundamental right and a social responsibility, serving the mutual interests of individuals and society. Constructing a rationally structured and strategically focused learning service system for older adults is a prerequisite for expanding the supply. It is necessary to establish a system that incorporates basic education led by the government and developmental learning services provided by multiple stakeholders through facilitating the deep and organic integration of older adult education, prioritizing basic education for older adults, promoting the cultural education industry, improving public cultural services, and creating a friendly learning environment.

With the development of the ageing process and the advancement of new-type urbanization, the size of empty-nest older adults gradually increases. The expansion of the Internet has enabled more older adults to access the Internet. Based on the data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) from 2010 to 2018, this study estimates the age-period-cohort effects and the impacts of Internet use on the health status of empty-nest older adults. The results show that there are period and cohort effects, but not age effects, on the changes in the mental health of empty-nest older adults. However, there are age and period effects, but not cohort effects, on the changes in physical health. Internet use has a significant positive impact on the physical and mental health of empty-nest older adults, mainly through social and learning pathways. The impact of Internet use on the health of empty-nest older adults is greater for those aged 75 and above, as well as for rural empty-nest older adults. Compared to non-empty-nest older adults, there is a greater impact of Internet use on the health of empty-nest older adults. We propose promoting Internet use among the empty-nest older adults and building an age-friendly digital society.

Older adults have higher mortality risk during climate change. Using data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) and the China Meteorological Yearbook, this study employs the Cox proportional hazards model to test the impacts of climate factors and individual socioeconomic characteristics on older adults' mortality risk. The research results indicate that changes in climate factors lead to changes in older adults' mortality risk. Extreme high and low temperatures have a significant negative impact on the mortality risk. Its interaction terms with other climate factors, such as air pressure and humidity, are also significant. Unmarried rural older men have a higher mortality level, while economically advanced older people typically exhibit lower risk. Social security plays an interference or reinforcement interactive role in the impact of different climate factors on the mortality risk of older adults, which can effectively improve their climate adaptability.

In the context of the irreversible and deepening of population ageing, the focus of the innovative country lies in the technological innovation. This paper uses the mediation model and the panel threshold model to verify the impact of population ageing on labor productivity through technological innovation pathway, and the transitional impact of technological innovation on labor productivity with population ageing as a threshold variable. The findings show that regardless of binding economic conditions, population aging has a mediating effect on labor productivity through technological innovations in addition to directly affecting labor productivity. When population ageing is viewed as a threshold variable, the impact of technological innovations on labor productivity is positive. When control variables are included, the influence of technological innovations on labor productivity becomes negative. The influence of innovations on labor productivity shows varying effects. During the demographic transition of the East area, the effect of technological innovations on labor productivity is in line with the mechanism of technological innovations on economic development.

Labor productivity is a symbolic indicator that determines the potential growth of the regional economy. Under the situation of population ageing, understanding the relationship between the population ageing and labor productivity is very important for understanding the source of economic growth and maintaining sustainable development. We use dynamic panel data models to study the effects of population ageing on labor productivity. It is found that the impact of population ageing on labor productivity varies significantly in different periods. In the short term, the current level of population ageing and the one-period lag level of population ageing have significant different effects on labor productivity. However, the long-term effect of the elderly dependency ratio on labor productivity has been identified to be not significant. At the same time, the relationship between population ageing and labor productivity shows an “Inverted U” shape. The point of elderly dependency ratio for the maximum labor productivity is between 8.65% and 8.79%. The results are quite stable under other indicators of population ageing. 

Level of internationalization is an important index of disciplinary development.However,as the world’s most populous country,China′s internationalization in demography has not been developed to a corresponding level.By defining disciplinary internationalization and drawing upon a questionnaire survey data,this paper examines the present situation of the internationalization of Chinese population science,and discusses the difficulties and determinants of integrating Chinese population science into the international academic community.The paper argues that internationalization of Chinese population science is declining,the direct and deep-seated determinants of which are shrinking consciousness and capacity in internationalization of the entire demographic circle in China,and deficiencydeficiencydeficiencies in the culture and system of the population science.Therefore,the important approach to improve internationalization level of China′s population science is to strengthen the international science culture construction and to establish the supporting disciplinary system.