This study employs data from the 2017 National Fertility Survey and applies accelerated failure time models and the generalized F distribution to analyze three sequential life-course events among Chinese women—first marriage, transition from first marriage to first birth, and transition from first to second birth—by urban-rural residence, birth cohort, and educational attainment. Results indicate that in younger cohorts, the impact of educational attainment on timing of first marriage and probabilities of remaining unmarried has become increasingly pronounced. Regarding the interval between first marriage and first birth, differences across urban-rural and educational lines have narrowed, suggesting a tightening linkage between marriage and childbearing, and a weakening heterogeneity. For the transition from first to second birth, the residential and educational gap has also substantially diminished. Overall, residential and educational heterogeneity plays its most significant role during the first marriage transition, with delayed first marriage emerging as the primary bottleneck contributing to postponed fertility and declining birth rates.

The world has experienced population growth and fertility decline for nearly a century and has entered an era of deceleration of growth. China’s population change is consistent with the global trend, but the time length of the whole process has been significantly compressed. While the population size has peaked, China has quickly become an ageing society. Nevertheless, low fertility, stagnation or negative growth, and population ageing are not unique to China. In the 21st century, both China and the world need to face these challenges. China must adapt to these demographic changes and actively respond to the challenges as soon as possible.

To explore the feasibility and sub-group characteristics of current family support for elderly in China，this study utilizes synthesis evaluation from perspectives of both burden of elder care and capacity of family support. We design three sets of index from economic，human-resource and potential dimensions，and an integrated summary index，to identify the most vulnerable sub-groups. Data from CLHLS are used to develop and analyze the sets of index. Results suggest that the largest gap in family capacity relative to burden of elder care exists in the oldest old，the female old，and the old living in the east or middle area. These vulnerable groups in old-age support do have much lower family capacity with higher burden of care in all the economic，human resource and potential dimensions，and their inferiority can also be traced from past life experiences，which is getting worse as they are ageing.

Oral health of elderly people is an important health issue in aging society. Using 2011 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey ( CLHLS) data，this study explores relationships between older persons’oral health and three groups of factors，namely，social-economic，health behavior，and health related factors，using number of missing tooth as the representation of oral health. The study demonstrates that oral health of elderly in China is not satisfactory，and tooth loss is highly correlated with demographic factors and health behavior. While age is the most influential factor in tooth loss，oral
hygiene plays a very important role，and less frequent sugar consumption is preventive against tooth loss，regardless of gender and other social-economic status. The findings imply that change in health behavior and diet habits could play a more protective role in oral health.